“杀”屋及乌:ADC的旁观者效应
<div style="max-width:677px;overflow:hidden;"><p style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;padding: 0px 0.5em;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;" data-mpa-powered-by="yiban.io"></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图1 ADC的基本结构</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><em>(</em><em><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;text-decoration: underline;">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58772304</span></em><em>)</em></span></p><p><br></p><section style="text-indent: 0px;text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong style="white-space: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;font-size: 12px;text-align: right;">作者</strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: right;"> | </span>小墙</span></section><p style="text-indent:0;text-align:center;"><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-left: 0px solid rgba(0, 121, 255, 0.08);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);margin-left: 7px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 26px 0% -44px;transform: translate3d(-8px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 17px;height: 17px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(18, 168, 158);" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;" mpa-from-tpl="t"></svg></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p mpa-is-content="t" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" mpa-is-content="t"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" mpa-is-content="t">前言</strong></strong></span></p><p mpa-is-content="t"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;text-indent: 0em;"></strong><br></span></p><p><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong>抗体偶联药</strong>(ADC)<strong>是治疗癌症的一大类药物</strong>,近年来越来越受到人们的青睐。ADC主要由三个部分组成,包括一个<strong>单克隆抗体</strong>,一个<strong>细胞毒素</strong>,以及<strong>连接二者的连接子</strong>,抗体用于特异性地靶向肿瘤细胞,细胞毒素发挥细胞杀伤作用,连接子起连接和释放毒素的作用。2013年,<strong>T-DM1的上市标志着ADC药物开始进入到实体瘤治疗领域</strong>。ADC治疗实体瘤最难的地方在于转移瘤组织中靶抗原(Ag)的异质性表达,这会导致作用于原发性肿瘤的药物对转移瘤组织无效。而ADC的旁观者效应(Bystander effect)有望解决这一问题,下面让我们一起来了解一下。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;"></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">ADC旁观者效应概念</span></strong></span><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;"></span></strong></span></span></p><p><br></p><section style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">那什么是旁观者效应呢?所谓的<strong>旁观者</strong>(bystander cell)其实就是<strong>肿瘤细胞周围的细胞</strong>(图2),包括异质性肿瘤细胞和上述的转移瘤细胞,这些附近的癌细胞可以是Ag<sup><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;vertical-align: super;">+</span></sup>或Ag<sup><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;vertical-align: super;">-</span></sup>的。而旁观者效应就是药物也能将这些细胞杀死。并不是所有的ADC都有这种效应,它往往与连接子和细胞毒素的生化特性有关。</span></section><section><br></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图2 ADC的旁观者效应示意图</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">(doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.367)</span></section><section><br></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;"></p><h1 style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 18px;">旁观者效应的机制</span></strong></span></h1><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><br></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">旁观者效应能够杀死目标肿瘤细胞周围的细胞,与没有该效应的ADC具有很大的差异(图3)。影响旁观者效应的因素有很多。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">首先,<strong>抗体与连接子之间化学键的稳定性</strong>是影响因素之一,没有旁观者效应的ADC在到达肿瘤细胞之前是不会释放细胞毒素的,因此该化学键稳定性很好,不会轻易断裂,而稳定性相对较弱的ADC,则会导致细胞毒素的提前释放(图2,⑧),反而有机会到达肿瘤细胞附近的细胞,产生旁观者效应。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">其次<strong>连接子的稳定性也是一样的道理</strong>,也是导致旁观者效应的因素之一(图2,⑧),连接子通常分为可切割和不可切割,前者包括化学不稳定连接(如对pH敏感的腙键、二硫键)和酶不稳定连接(如二肽,可被组蛋白酶B切割),后者主要为共价连接(如硫醚键),必须内化进入细胞,由溶酶体对其进行分解,才能释放毒素。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;">细胞毒素的性质</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;">也是影响旁观者效应的重要因素,极性小的毒素容易透过细胞膜,因此在肿瘤细胞中释放后仍有可能通过胞膜扩散到肿瘤外,从而作用于周围的细胞(图2,⑥),产生旁观者效应,而极性太大的毒素则难以穿透细胞膜。这里也有特殊情况,例如T-DM1虽然其细胞毒素极性并没有很大,但由于其裂解不完全,导致毒素上残留一个带正电的赖氨酸,这使其无法透过细胞膜,因此T-DM1不会产生旁观者效应。</span></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">此外,当目标肿瘤细胞最终瓦解时,其内部的细胞毒素会被释放出来,扩散到周围的细胞,发挥旁观者效应(图2,⑩)。</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图3 无旁观者效应(上)和有旁观者效应(下)下ADC的作用机制</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">(doi: 10.1007/s11912-022-01266-4)</span></p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;"></p><h1 style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong><span style="letter-spacing: 1px;font-size: 18px;">T-DM1和T-DXd</span></strong></span></h1><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><br></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">关于旁观者效应的研究已经越来越多,<strong>T-DM1和T-DXd是最典型的例子</strong>。<strong>T-DXd</strong>(又名DS-8201a)由曲妥珠单抗(靶向HER2)、毒素DXd(拓扑异构酶I抑制剂)、四肽连接子构成,其中四肽连接子与抗体的半胱氨酸残基进行连接(图4)。<strong>T-DM1</strong>由曲妥珠单抗、毒素DM1(微管蛋白聚合抑制剂)、硫醚连接子(不可裂解)构成(图4)。二者都需要内化进入肿瘤细胞,由溶酶体裂解才能释放毒素,但DXd具有较好的透膜性,产生旁观者效应,而DM1因为带正电而没有这种功能。</span></p><p><br></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图4 T-DXd和T-DM1及其裂解后的毒素结构(Anti-HER2-DXd (2)与T-DXd的不同在于裂解后的毒素DXd (2)其氨基在体液中带正电荷)</span></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">(doi: 10.1111/cas.12966)</span></p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: justify;text-indent: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: 1.6em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">将(HER2+)人乳腺癌细胞KPL-4和(HER2-)人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-468混合培养并进行细胞活力测试,结果发现,这两种细胞都能被T-DXd杀死,而T-DM1只能杀死KPL-4(图5)。在体内,用(HER2+)人胃癌细胞NCI-N87细胞和表达荧光素酶的(HER2-)MDA-MB-468细胞进行异种移植实验,T-DXd能够降低小鼠的荧光素酶信号,而T-DM1则不行(图 6)。此外,T-DXd的旁观者效应只能作用于局部,这意味着几乎不会产生全身毒性。</span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图5 (HER2+)KPL-4和(HER2-)MDA-MB-468混合培养的细胞活力</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">(doi: 10.1111/cas.12966)</span></p><p><br></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><br></span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0em;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;"></section><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">图6 T-DXd在(HER2+)NCI-N87和(HER2-)MDA-MB-468异种移植中的旁观者效应</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: normal;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">(doi: 10.1111/cas.12966)</span></p><p><br></p><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section data-mpa-template="t" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="padding-right: 8px;padding-left: 8px;text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="transform: rotate(0deg);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="margin-right: 0%;margin-left: 0%;display: flex;flex-flow: row nowrap;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: inline-block;width: auto;vertical-align: top;border-left: 0px solid rgba(0, 121, 255, 0.08);border-bottom-left-radius: 0px;background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247);margin-left: 7px;flex: 100 100 0%;align-self: flex-start;height: auto;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: left;justify-content: flex-start;margin: 26px 0% -44px;transform: translate3d(-8px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="display: inline-block;width: 17px;height: 17px;vertical-align: top;overflow: hidden;background-color: rgb(18, 168, 158);" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section mpa-from-tpl="t"><svg viewBox="0 0 1 1" style="float:left;line-height:0;width:0;vertical-align:top;" mpa-from-tpl="t"></svg></section></section></section><section style="margin: 15px 0% 20px;text-align: center;justify-content: center;transform: translate3d(1px, 0px, 0px);" powered-by="xiumi.us" mpa-from-tpl="t"><section style="text-align: justify;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1px;line-height: 1.8;padding-right: 30px;padding-left: 30px;" mpa-from-tpl="t"><p mpa-is-content="t" style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 18px;font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" mpa-is-content="t"><strong mpa-from-tpl="t" mpa-is-content="t"><strong>结论</strong></strong></strong></span></p><p mpa-is-content="t"><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">临床前研究表明,除了T-DXd外,<strong>很多其他ADC也具有旁观者效应</strong>,如sacituzumab govitecan(SG)、tisotumab vedotin(TV)、enfortumab vedotin(EV)、anetumab ravtansine(BAY 94–9343)。</span></p><p><br></p><p><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;">此外,大量的临床试验也开始研究旁观者效应,这种效应扩大了ADC的临床适应症。目前已有<strong>5</strong>种ADC药物用于治疗实体瘤,包括T-DM1、T-DXd、SG、TV和EV。虽然旁观者效应对疗效似乎很有意义,但其是否会带来毒性也更需要考虑,越来越多的临床前/临床试验开始关注这些问题,为下一代ADC的设计指引方向。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p><br mpa-from-tpl="t"></p><section style="margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: left;">参考文献: </span></strong></span></section><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"> Giugliano F, Corti C, Tarantino P, Michelini F, Curigliano G. Bystander effect of antibody-drug conjugates: fact or fiction? Curr Oncol Rep. 2022 Mar 19. doi: 10.1007/s11912-022-01266-4.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"> Ogitani Y, Hagihara K, Oitate M, Naito H, Agatsuma T. Bystander killing effect of DS-8201a, a novel anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 antibody-drug conjugate, in tumors with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 heterogeneity. Cancer Sci. 2016 Jul;107(7):1039-46. doi: 10.1111/cas.12966.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"> Staudacher AH, Brown MP. Antibody drug conjugates and bystander killing: is antigen-dependent internalisation required? Br J Cancer. 2017 Dec 5;117(12):1736-1742. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2017.367.</span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Optima-Regular, PingFangTC-light;"><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"> </span><span style="text-decoration: underline;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=58772304</span></span></p><p style="text-align: left;margin-left: 16px;margin-right: 16px;line-height: normal;"><br></p>
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